Spatial Autocorrelation Patterns and Inequality Analysis

Objective Description

This analysis examines spatial autocorrelation patterns in synthetic raster data using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic to identify hotspots and coldspots, and measures spatial inequality with the Gini index. It involves generating a synthetic raster (representing NDVI), visualizing it as an NDVI map, creating a shapefile, extracting raster values, computing spatial neighbors, calculating Gi* statistics, classifying hotspots, visualizing hotspots with a thematic map, and exporting outputs as shapefiles and rasters. The analysis highlights spatial clustering and inequality in a simulated dataset.

🎯 The detailed methodology and results can be accessed through this link:

👉click here now! : https://rpubs.com/abdibasidadan/spatialautocorrelation

Abdi-Basid ADAN, 2025

The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute

Multi-Objective Optimization Analysis with NSGA-II

Objective Description

This analysis employs the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), a robust multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, to address complex optimization problems. The study includes two scientifically relevant case studies:

1. Car Example: Optimizes fuel consumption and maximum speed based on vehicle weight and power. This is critical in automotive engineering for designing sustainable vehicles, balancing environmental impact (fuel efficiency) with performance (speed), which influences market competitiveness and regulatory compliance.

2. DRASTIC Index Example: Optimizes weights of the DRASTIC parameters (Depth to water, net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone, and Conductivity) to maximize correlation with nitrate concentration (NO3) while minimizing Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). This enhances groundwater vulnerability assessment, providing valuable insights for environmental management and policy-making in regions prone to contamination.

The analysis generates Pareto fronts to visualize trade-offs, computes optimal solutions, and exports results as CSV files for further scientific evaluation.

https://rpubs.com/abdibasidadan

The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis with Dendrogram

Objective Description

This analysis applies hierarchical clustering to a simulated dataset of 50 observations with 5 variables using Ward’s method and Euclidean distance, visualizes the results with a dendrogram, and extracts cluster assignments.

https://rpubs.com/abdibasidadan/Dendrogram

The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute

Monte Carlo Simulation and Bootstrap for Estimating the Cost of Wind Energy

Objective Description

This analysis estimates the Levelized Cost of Wind Energy (LCOE) using Monte Carlo simulation to account for uncertainties in key parameters (investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, interest rate, capacity factor, and lifetime) and bootstrap methods to compute confidence intervals for the mean LCOE. It includes wind speed modeling, vertical extrapolation, power density calculation, Weibull distribution fitting, and correlation analysis.

https://rpubs.com/abdibasidadan

The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute

 Unscientific science

The most beautiful expression of the day would be to hear and expose itself under a denomination of absolute confusion in the foreground, however, towards a purification of truth to take precedence throughout this work of reflection. It is unequivocally undertaken with the promulgation of a neuralgic point of science, strictly speaking the unscientific science. The underlying idea that one would like to imply par excellence is much more complex than the perplexity it raises in us with simple reading. With good courage and clarity of preference, the reflection contained in this article derives from an assertion which will leave us in no way, without any indifference. For the sake of simplicity and introspection, paying attention to relationships that may well exist between three key entities that are formally daily. In this case they are "the human being", "life" and "reality". The chosen research goes in the direction of first to diverge the perspectives in order to converge them all towards a common thesis, which only deals explicitly with the heading of this present report. In any case, essential is it? that our supreme convictions, at a certain moment, at a certain stage of life, should lead us to detach ourselves from the height of the grandeur of consideration as a fact which is true and without absolute contradiction. Irrational to believe that the human being really exists in nature. Indeed, the recognition of the human species is a question of form and not of substance. If we come to distinguish an elephant from an ant, it is because, first, the principle of morphology is fundamentally based on this notion of classification. Very often, any object in a room is deprived of the specific character of beings: that of self-determination. In other words, we all agree that a gust of wind and eye contact with another person are not interpreted in the same way by the mind. There is always this agreement of priority to the thinking entity of a value which itself resituated by its faculty of self-determination, a kind of prestige by nature. But it is not through a soul that we can afford. A lifeless body is not so different from any object. To signify here, that the human being is an invisible species (soul) that seeks a visible identity with this body which serves him to prove his existence on Earth. As a result, the human species exists only by and indirectly through physical visibility. 2 The question of life is the same allegation. I do not attach much here to the subjectivity of the principles, but privilege more and unconditionally the universality of the latter. It makes sense that we are continually caught between days and nights throughout the Earth's journey. You have never wondered if this is the case. To tell the truth, the darkness of the universe makes us plunge into the night and the sunlight into the day. There is no day and night proper, but it is rather the ambush or "dance" of the Earth that gives rise to this sensation and that is so. To simply say that life is this illusion that suggests that everything is normal, logical and real. In this sense, life itself does not hold to logic from several angles. From this condition, does reality constantly mock our consciences? Not at all, she is known to be stable, constant. So where does the disturbing reality come from? From there, starts the cogitation on unscientific science. What is science first and foremost? It is the ability to interact with nature, to understand better, to grasp it, above all else, to want to domesticate it in several forms at will and to the satisfaction of man. The quest for knowledge began the day when man knew the heavy burden of life on Earth. In these precise terms, science is the one that makes us discover reality. But if the latter is utopian, in this case, did not it be wrong in advance on this basis? Quite simple, how to explain with science some plausible eventualities? Like for example a land passage in the Atlantic Ocean as it was in the Red Sea during the exodus of the Hebrew people; the steps of the mountains; the compatibility of incompatible natures; the birth of a sheep by a cave ... etc. It cannot be said that it belongs to the divine manifestation. Absolutely, although we are constantly explaining, we must note that the reality is not as real as it is. Many things are hidden from us. So much so that everything is done to evaluate us and that a much different story exists beyond reality, the human being and life. It should be remembered at the end that science, although an admirer of nature as such, it can sometimes prove to be sometimes contradictory to different degrees. As we have just demonstrated, all that we know of reality is far from being "a logical whole". Once again, certain natural phenomena already discovered persist in the most total blur, this is the case of the rock of Jerusalem is suspended in the air, the mysterious holes that form on the surface of the earth of recent times ... etc. 

Abdi-Basid ADAN

 Integration and Cointegration of Variables (ICV)

Abstract 

In this report, we present an overview of notions of stationarity (integration) and cointegration of variables. Although they occupy an important place in statistics and econometrics, their concepts have, for many researchers, been a little vague. I allow myself to further substantiate this by proposing only the essentials from the theoretical and empirical point of view on the integration and cointegration of variables. 

Keys Words: ARDL, Box-Jenkins, Engle & Granger (1987), Johansen (1988)

 Introduction

 A temporal variable, a process of short or long memory requires, before being analyzed, a study making it possible to raise the great characteristics of a quantity from the statistical point of view. This is among others, its tendency; seasonality; its stationarity, its law of probability or its density, etc. One of the most interesting and in most cases very interesting is the question of the stationarity of the chronicle. Several processes are at our disposal for its implementation. In addition, the interest of cointegrated variables in the case of a linear combination has become viral in econometric studies. For fear of presenting an illusory model with no-standard coefficients, the literature hurries to propose a lot of tools to come around this major obstacle in econometrics. In the following sections, we present the stationarity of the variable in a more concise manner and discuss the notion of cointegration later. 

Abdi-Basid ADAN * Integration and Cointegration of Variables (ICV) * abdi-basid@outlook.com P a g e 4 | 8 I. 

Integration of Variables (IV) One of the fundamental concepts in statistics and econometrics is actually that related to the integration of variables. What is really the integration of variables? It turns out that in statistics, the idea of no-stationarity is rather commonly used compared to that of integration of variables. However, the meaning of the latter is versatile from one discipline to another. In statistics, a temporal process fluctuating independently of time is said to be stationary. For illustration (chronogram and correlogram), we can witness a concentration of the chronic around its mean value (mathematical expectation) or a rapid decrease of the autocorrelation function. In terms of probability, the joint distribution (law or density) is identical for the first k and k + 1 variables. In this sense, the process is stationary in the strict sense (also called first-order or strong). To say more, whatever the moment t considered, the variation of the chronic in t and t + 1 is not influenced by the temporal reference. From this point of view, its properties, also known as "stationarity conditions", namely mean, variance and covariance, are all convergent and independent of time. In view of the complexity of estimating a law of probabilistic nature for a given distribution, it has been proposed to remedy this, a second sense of stationarity, called second-order stationarity (weak sense or covariance). Only the conditions of expectancy and the variance of the variable are required and indispensable to judge and affirm stationarity against a variable. Knowing the third condition also includes the second when k is zero (cov (xt, xt-k)). This ensures a pioneering role especially in the forecast of a time series. In principle, the confidence interval of the estimated values depends on its validity. It is mentioned in the literature the existence of a multitude of forms of non-stationarity of a temporal sequence among which the stationarity with tendency (TS: Trend Stationnarity, Nelson et Plosser (1982)), which graphically, one witnesses a growth evolution of the series during of time: as a result, stationarity conditions are not met. To circumvent this adversity and later obtain the series devoid of trend component, we have to choose one of three techniques including straight ordinary least squares, simple moving average or by the filter Hodrick-Prescott. Here we obtain a white noise Hamilton (1994), by definition 

Abdi-Basid ADAN * Integration and Cointegration of Variables (ICV) * abdi-basid@outlook.com P a g e 5 | 8

 stationary but of second order. In the statistical vocabulary, one also evokes the independent white noise, because of the independence between the variables, which implies the nullity of the value of the covariance or simply the decorrelation between the variables (the reciprocal being already false). Sometimes of a Gaussian nature, it is both independent and follows a normal law. Under these conditions, the white noise is strictly stationary (or stationary in the strict sense). In contrast, a stochastic process is not necessarily stationary. The second form of stationarity, for its part, is of stationarity by difference (DS: Difference Stationnnarity, Nelson et Plosser (1982)). It is due, in particular, to the influence of the series by its own historical values. In evidence, the differentiated in a good order differ from zero allows to stationise the series. In practice, two families of stationarity test are announced. It is, on the one hand, the test having the null hypothesis of stationarity (KPSS Test) and, on the other hand, the tests having the null hypothesis of non-stationarity (Dickey-Fuller or Phillips-Perron test). Even more, a variable can be stationary with constant and trend; neither one nor the other or with constant only, according to the significativities of these parameters. The nuance which it seems appropriate to specify is that of telling oneself how a series can be stationary with a tendency, whereas it is the tendancy component that must be deprived of it. Quite logical, in fact, it would mean the same thing and not seen as two different or contradictory propositions. In a word, variable integration consists of depriving the time series of any trend or historical disturbance in order to identify the stable series for use in various analyzes. Finally, it is with the support of this primordial and imperious step that we can afford to begin the estimation of the following models precisely models of Box-Jenkins (ARIMA, SARIMA, VAR, ARMAX, ... etc) or Engle (ARCH, GARCH, ... etc). 

Abdi-Basid ADAN * Integration and Cointegration of Variables (ICV) * abdi-basid@outlook.com P a g e 6 | 8 

II. Cointégration des Variables (CV) Cointegration is indispensable in two-dimensional analysis both in statistics and econometrics. We are aware of the imminent error that can lead us to the simultaneous consideration of two or more variables without first having used a study by variable. In a way, "better first evaluate each variable before the considered helpful". Introduced in economics by Engle and Newbold (1974), then developed by Granger and Engle (1987) and continued in 1991 by Johansen, the notion of cointegration is indeed, the integration of the linear combination between two variables taken together to which tests in the literature allows us to assert in case of presence of cointegrating vector. This is the Engle and Granger tests (1987); Johansen (1988); Johansen and Juselius (1990), ... etc. It is so common to end up with the problem of fallacious regression in the modeling of the variables, because of a linear regression on non-stationary variables, which in principle testifies to an explanatory mechanism R² and a t of Student very appreciable when in reality, there is no relationship between them. In this perspective, the distribution of the estimated parameters no longer follows a Student's law but a Wiener process (Brownian motion), which occurs when the variance of at least one of the variables diverges, due to its dependence on the temporal dimension and well identifiable with recursion procedure. Indeed, good prospects of the residual analysis accompany for the final validity of the model. When the residue is not stationary, it is assimilated to the case of presence of autocorrelation between the model residues. The order of integration of the residual model is not necessarily below that of the variables of the model. In obviousness, a residual component of the stationary model with an order different from 0 is considered as a model where the autocorrelation of the residues is imminent. In other words, autocorrelation and stationarity are indirectly involved through the last condition of covariance (in the weak sense of stationarity). The goal of cointegration is to be able to determine a stationary residue while working on two nonstationary variables in level. The idea proposed by Engle is in the sense that in the short term the variables diverge, but there exists in the long term a stability, a balance between them. A common evolution of variables. Now knowing the possibility of no-zero order cointegration, in the long 

Abdi-Basid ADAN * Integration and Cointegration of Variables (ICV) * abdi-basid@outlook.com P a g e 7 | 8 

term the desired perspective exists according to well-defined conditions upstream and downstream. Among them, the same order of integration of the variables, verifying the possibility of cointegrating the variables, in other words an order less than or equal to the common order of integration of the variables. In addition, downstream, a negative sign and significant equilibrium restoring force coefficient (or speed of adjustment) is required while checking the stationarity of residues obtained. Gran-ger's (1983) theorem highlights the cointegration relationship and the error-correction model. Short-term relationship estimation with OLS is only possible when the variables are differentiated. In other words, by integrating in the model, the delayed variables as explanatory. On the other hand the long term relation are es-timées in level by OLS. No method is perfect, in this sense the disadvantage of the Engle-Granger approach (1987) is the non-distinction of cointegration relation. In principle, it has only one cointegration relation, whereas it is of number k-1 relationship with k the number of variables. Johansen (1988) provides a solution to this problem with his multivariate maximum likelihood approach. For the validity of the VECM model, a cointegration rank of less than the number of variables and non-zero is required, which is evidenced by the maximization of the likelihood log. Otherwise, a VAR model (p) is estimated in place of a VECM. On the other hand, as in the self-gressive Vector model, the specification of the model according to the absence or presence of a constant and trend is necessary. We can determine them with their significativities once estimated. The one-step method of BANERJEE et al. or MCE at Handry makes it easier to interpret the long-term relationship. In addition, to estimate long-term relationships in the case of small samples, the two-step model could lead to estimation bias according to Banerjee, Dolado, Hendry and Smith (1986). The ARDL model "AutoRegressive Distributed Lag / ARDL" and the cointegration test at the terminals of Pesaran et al. (2001) take a new approach to overcome the case of cointegration of variables at different orders of sta-tionality. On the other hand, when the variable integration order is greater than 1, the application of the ARDL model poses a problem. 

Abdi-Basid ADAN * Integration and Cointegration of Variables (ICV) * abdi-basid@outlook.com P a g e 8 | 8

Conclusion 

Stationarity is more than ever a prerequisite for studying variables before introducing them into larger studies. It involves denying the temporal process of trend and historical disturbances with appropriate procedures to conduct statistical and econometric analyzes. In the same way, cointegration proves even more complex, because one wants to be interested in working on level variables, while avoiding that the regression is misleading. Several approaches are pressing, one more efficient than the other. In both cases, these notions can not be taken with negligence, because a scientific production based on the temporal process inevitably depends on it. 

Bibliography : 1. Atoumane Diagne (2015) : Econometric modeling of electricity consumption in Senegal from 1999 to 2015 2. Hélène Hamisultane: Error-correction model and applications 3. Jonas Kibala Kuma (2018) : ARDL Modeling, Cointegration Testing and Toda-Yamamoto Approach: Elements of Software Theory and Practice 4. Lonzo Lubu Gastonfils (2015) : Application of the Box-Jenkins Prediction Method

ECONOMIC GROWTH, CO2 EMISSIONS AND INCOME INEQUALITY: THE NORTH AMERICAN CASE

Resumé: 

La croissance économique, les émissions de dioxyde de carbone et l’inégalité de revenu sont les thématiques le plus controversées de nos jours auxquels nous développons davantage dans cet article. Ayant déjà réalisé le même sujet dans le cas de l’Afrique, le présent travail s’applique sur un continent riche celui de l’Amérique du Nord (Les Etats-Unis, Canada et Bermudes). En réalité, il s’agit d’étudier à la fois économétriquement et statistiquement les grandeurs définissant les trois notions évoquées précédemment dans un cadre dynamique. Un modèle à équation simultanées en données de panel est à l’ordre du jour, qui regroupe trois équations : il s’agit de l’équation de Solow, Kuznets environnementale et Kuznets sociale. Enfin, nous prévoyons l’évolution des grandeurs à la fois de la croissance économique et du développement durable avec le principe de Box-Jenkins pour les trois pays cités. Mots clés : Croissance économique, développement durable.

Conclusion : 

According to the study on the concept of sustainable development of rich countries on the continent of North America. We have, thanks to a model with simultaneous equations, proved that the control of the deterioration of the environment or income inequality over the short, medium or long terms remains illusory. The functional forms mentioned in the literature are not in line with those we have developed using the least squares estimators. On the other hand, US per capita growth will stabilize around $ 4,000 over the next 10 years, unlike Canada and Bermuda. These will continue their rhythms of a still dynamic growth (more than 7000 $ and 5000 $ respectively). CO2 emissions and income inequality on the American continent will still occupy positions that are far from reassuring, except for the United States (a slight decrease for emissions). 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326468307_ECONOMIC_GROWTH_CO2_EMISSIONS_AND_INCOME_INEQUALITY_THE_NORTH_AMERICAN_CASE

Unpublished Perspectives on Consciousness

Consciousness is commonly defined as the property that living beings boast about in order to assert their existence, to be animate, to be able to participate, to act and to play a role, which in their eyes seems essential in life. One characteristic among many others, standing in the foreground and which consists in lamise in immediate knowledge of the state of circumstance. In classical terms, it is acting and at the same time knowing that one is acting. As opposed to unconsciousness, which manifests itself in situations of unthinking behavior or automatic achievements. Freud, says it clearly, "the ego is not the master in his own house". Except the latter, "the id," takes relay also and identifies itself as the drive reservoir and the superego, as the instance of prohibitions and ideals. 

The subject is no longer a united entity, but a self-conflicting reality. In this article, whose primary vocation is a contribution to the notion of consciousness and its derivatives (preconsciousness, unconsciousness) known until today. With this new horizon, which promises more than ever to widen the percepts of the conscience with prospects ready to be exploited, it is among others the hyperconsciousness and the hypoconsciousness. Like Christoph Colombe in the quest for America, consciousness is certainly interpreted, indirectly when the soul is conquering the psyche system. A jouissance on multiple capacities at its disposal. But, it seems beforehand and on the same wavelength of the imperfection observed in the present life, brings without sparing consciousness to define its defects and limits, thus constituting the fundamental object of unconsciousness. Like these articulations, it emerges fiercely that consciousness becomes the coordination between the psychic system and the vital breath (soul), thus keeping it in continual action through the electrified charges of the neurons. 

It is imperative to put out of the shadows and away from confusion an emblematic subject, that concerning the species of the same intangible family. In these terms, the soul is not assimilated to a spirit. In addition, the latter branched out into several subspecies, some of which seems more hostile to humans. By their wickedness, a demonic spirit can afford to replace the soul in the colonization of the psyche to different degrees. It is not bewildering to see a form of fidelity of hearing between the soul and the spirit in this life. However, it turns out that the soul does not act alone in its decision-making, in its actions. Hyperconsciousness consists, then, of the soul's own action when it is not biased by any form of direct or indirect spiritual external influence. In contrast, to hypoconsciousness, the soul is forced to yield for one or more spirits, the management of the psyche otherwise the consciousness is placed at the service of another spiritual actor. There is reason to understand that the body, as mystical as it is, becomes a mere visual identity for these invisible beings. Especially since moments of hyperconsciousness are almost similar to the state of consciousness. 

The difference with the superego is self-judgment in a neutral way about one's own acts performed. A form of regret felt with regard to an action performed for a so-called "state of disobedience" motive of search. Contrary to what Sartre says in Being and Nothingness, "Other is, by principle, the one who looks at me and through whose eyes I become aware of what I am. " Here, by contrast, it is by no means another person who freezes his own freedom of action, but his own self reveals to what degree of prosaicism he has allowed himself to exercise. Another by amplification of the notion of consciousness, it is the order of the day of clarification for a specification between human consciousness, besides the animal, the spiritual one.

In this term, the soul, once in the body, its consciousness is immediate and is not provided with memory. That is to say, she does not need experience. Indeed, a baby with its external environment shows above all that it is dominant. How is it done without an experiment being transmitted to him, manages to control? It is by the spiritual consciousness that this questioning is explained more. In the absence of the death of a person the human consciousness stops, but the spiritual one continues. Let us go even further, in the same way as Einstein, who claimed that science without religion is lame and that religion without science is blind. In this perspective, Islam confirms the lesser knowledge that is shared with us on the soul and that it is among the angels the being that is most valued. We realize that man is seen to be superior in many contexts. Example of event: the case of anti-Semitism, racism, ethnicity, including boasting.

Abdi-Basid ADAN

Phematic

In the reasoning opposite, it is a special ease of an explanatory monologue based on a novel idea of a newcomer in the history of science. But above all, taking a stance for breathtaking attention with the following expressions including the hematic, rhematic, phreatic or thematic. Notwithstanding, the phematic the main object praise in this interview, brings us back to the question of knowing, is that a phematic, or a phematician? 

Starting from this preamble, which holds as an introductory dimension of a luminous idea, according to which a possible contribution to the future echelons seems decisive. Dear readers, as you all know, science, in the general sense, is a way for us, on which we claim to have a mastery of it is that, nature, natural balance and therefore natural laws. Is it not a tremendous job for man to develop himself into an activity of reflection leading to a career of life? But to the detriment of the multiple and complex needs that constantly lurk at us, we are more than ever forced to go beyond the painful and intrusive work of research. It breaks down the major obstacles of life, like a show in which constraints take different forms for multiple reasons. Time is changing and weariness is making us return to a comfortable lifestyle vision. That said, science since the Paleolithic; the Mesopotamians, the Babylonians, the Egyptians, the man, by his capacities to evolve, is supposed not to become a victim of the nature and not for the nature, a submission to the man. Science is at the intermediary service between man and life by slamming nature. Centuries in the centuries, innovation, discoveries and the progression of knowledge levels are climbing upward. 

The logic of any kind of knowledge, although a concept known indirectly, does, in fact, only resume the structure that consists of nature. In all simplicity, any imagination so naive or not part of an idea, a questioning of reality, which surrounds us. It was the case of the moon, why would not it have collided with the Earth? Such has become the cradle of classical and quantum physics. Compared to nature, a socalled atom represents the element of first constitution with which matter is formed. This unitary or elementary profile is proliferated, in two, then in three, until generating a block of idea in an extremely close bond in order to circumvent the confusion and the refutation. In simple terms, the origin of a cause, which itself becomes the source of another and so on, in the same way as a family tree. Noticing, one thing, through which a relationship with nature is an imminent reality about the structure of a molecule with these innumerable atomic compositions. We started from an idea to formulate a theory, a set of notions contributing to a common vision In turn, this theory is associated with others, which by principle of iteration, form a mega structure of knowledge, which is called a discipline. Incontestable, to see that we are in the horizon of the infinitely small towards the infinitely large. 

From this perception, science becomes a perfectly reflective mirror of nature. In more detail, the Earth as small compared to the sun, the sun as huge as it is in the solar system becomes, meanwhile, a tiny and invisible celestial object in front of Arcturus, who in turn becomes it before Betelgeuse ... etc. The latter still certifies the irreproachable fidelity of science to the composition of nature, its order and its equilibrium. No reason to want to remind that the physical equations have good reasons to marry nature. Can we succeed in reconstituting science, knowledge, and knowledge in a disciplinary unity, thus uniting all fields of science? This has been the work perpetrated by authors for years, which finally for today, comes to see the day. I prove the possibility of designing a unique science from all the different branches of science. 

The phematic then becomes the discipline par excellence of reference, whose expression stems from the conjunction between philosophy and mathematics synonymous with the expression mathilosophy. For phematic expert, two skills are in this sense, required in particular in philosophy and mathematics. No discipline seems to escape from these complementary doctrines to each other. Philosophy, science of formulation and cogitation and mathematical science of confirmation and demonstration. By definition of things, we will always hear, by phematic, the science of demonstrative cogitation. In a word, it means by mother of science philosophy and father of science mathematics. 

Abdi Basid ADAN