Statistical analysis : Classification

  

We remind that it is an extract of the book economic growth and sustainable development in structure (statistical and econometric analysis) whose site: https://www.amazon.fr/Boutique-Kindle-ABDI-BASID-ADAN / s? ie = UTF8 & page = 1 & rh = n 3A672108031%%% 2Cp_27 3AABDI-Basid% 20ADAN

1. Presentation of study data

As part of this project of memory project, we are particularly interested in economic growth in Africa. Variables dictated by literary and empirical journals will be retrieved from the World Bank database. In this case, GDP per capita, fossil energy consumption, physical capital ... etc. Other unobservable variables will be able to be calculated. In this sense, it is the savings rate, the net capital inflow, the rates of commercial opening. Our values ​​are in current dollars. The study period or the interval by which we analyze the theme is between 1960 and 2016. In truth, more data remains unavailable for the year 2017. We will then solicit methods of clearing and correction of the missing values ​​before to be able to carry out studies whose prospects seem already purified in the general introduction.

 

2. Analysis of statistical results

Above we have presented the ascending hierarchical classification of variables under three graphs, but the first illustration is more explicit. The objective sought in this segmentation or partitioning of the set of observations is exposed their similarities and their dissimilarities by the measure of dissimilarity and the criterion of homogeneity which generally revolves around the minimization of the inertia in each class: this is called measuring the quality of the class. The partitioning algorithm in our context is based on Ward's method, although other partitioning techniques are based on the K-mean method; K-mode. K-prototype, Kohonen networks, mixed method, relational ... etc.,

The table below presents the critical probabilities of the Student's test in relation to the comparison of the average GDP per capita (GDP / H) between the groups of countries 1,2,4,7 and 9. Indeed, the other groups consist of only one isolated country.

ADAN, A.-B. (2018). Croissance Economique et Développement Durable en Afrique: Analyses Statistiques et Econométriques [Kindle]. Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.

 We remind you that the whole of this document is accessible on the Amazon site:

https://www.amazon.fr/Boutique-Kindle-ABDI-BASID-ADAN/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A672108031%2Cp_27%3AABDI-BASID%20ADAN

 © 2026 The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute (tABCi). All rights reserved.

 

 

🏛️ tABCi Laboratories :

🧪 Abdi-Basid ADAN LABS  | Focus: Interdisciplinary Sciences & Education.

🧠 The Deep Thinking Lab | Focus: Philosophy & Human Sciences.

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Contact : Abdi-Basid ADAN [abdi-basid@outlook.com]

 © 2017-2026 The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute (tABCi). All rights reserved.

Econometric Analysis: Simultaneous Equation Models

1. Presentation of study data

As part of this project of memory project, we are particularly interested in economic growth in Africa. Variables dictated by literary and empirical journals will be retrieved from the World Bank database. In this case, GDP per capita, fossil energy consumption, physical capital ... etc. Other unobservable variables will be able to be calculated. In this sense, it is the savings rate, the net capital inflow, the rates of commercial opening. Our values ​​are in current dollars. The study period or the interval by which we analyze the theme is between 1960 and 2016. In truth, more data remains unavailable for the year 2017. We will then solicit methods of clearing and correction of the missing values ​​before to be able to carry out studies whose prospects seem already purified in the general introduction.

 

2. Analysis of econometric results

Obviously, the double least squared, by its performance, it takes into account to correct the problem of endogeneity of which several model suffers. Obviously, this coincides with the stochastic least regular square hypothesis. By this means, a violation of the assumptions that depends on the reliability, the efficiency of the estimators.

To overcome this unavoidable problem, the TSLS method is created by proposing an effective solution. Notwithstanding, for the sake of comparison, we had thought of other methods to which their efficiencies seem as impressive as the double least square.

Thus, these were the methods of the triple least square, double least squared square, least squared square, triple least square repeated and weighted iteration, SUR, Instrumental variable, THEIL-OLS, POOLED-SUR, THEIL -POOLED, THEIL-ON, POOLED-OLS, LIML and FIML, MLMV, Least Generalized Residual Variance (LGRV), Indirect Least Square (ILS), K-Class Estimator, Maximum Likelihood (ML), Least Variance Ratio (LVR).

 

 

 

ADAN, A.-B. (2018). Croissance Economique et Développement Durable en Afrique: Analyses Statistiques et Econométriques [Kindle]. Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.

 We remind you that the whole of this document is accessible on the Amazon site:

https://www.amazon.fr/Boutique-Kindle-ABDI-BASID-ADAN/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A672108031%2Cp_27%3AABDI-BASID%20ADAN

 © 2026 The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute (tABCi). All rights reserved.

 

 

🏛️ tABCi Laboratories :

🧪 Abdi-Basid ADAN LABS  | Focus: Interdisciplinary Sciences & Education.

🧠 The Deep Thinking Lab | Focus: Philosophy & Human Sciences.

🌍 The EcoClimate Hub | Focus: Climate Science & Environment.

Contact : Abdi-Basid ADAN [abdi-basid@outlook.com]

 © 2017-2026 The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute (tABCi). All rights reserved.

Econometric Analysis: Panel Error Correction Model

 "We remind that the full document is available on the Amazon website:"

https://www.amazon.fr/Boutique-Kindle-ABDI-BASID-ADAN/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A672108031%2Cp_27%3AABDI-BASID%20ADAN)

 

1. Presentation of study data

As part of this project of memory project, we are particularly interested in economic growth in Africa. Variables dictated by literary and empirical journals will be retrieved from the World Bank database. In this case, per capita GDP, fossil energy consumption, physical capital, etc. Other unobservable variables will be measured. In this sense, it is the savings rate, the inflow of capital, the rates of trade opening. Our values are in current dollars. The period of study or the interval by which we analyze the thesis is between 1960 and 2016. In truth, the more the data remains unavailable for the year 2017. We will then ask for methods of clearing and correction of the missing values before being able to carry out studies whose prospects have already been clarified in the general introduction.

1. Analysis of econometric results

 

This table shows the results of the different non-dynamic panel error correction method estimators, such as the Pesaran & Smith (1995) Mean Group (PS-MGE), Demeaned Mean Groups (DMG), and Pesaran estimators. (2006) Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (P-CCE-MG), Polarized Mean Group (PMG), Panel Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) and Panel Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS). As emphasized by Kuznets' environmental thesis on the relationship between emissions and economic growth. In particular, an inverted "U" curve shape or an inverted parabola that is no longer convex but concave. In order to verify this hypothesis, the validity of the estimated coefficients α, β 𝑒𝑡 γ on the basis of the existence of the latter between the relation between per capita income and CO2 emissions per capita should be validated. Among other things, these coefficients are significant only in the Pesaran & Smith (1995), FM-OLS and DOLS models.

ADAN, A.-B. (2018). Croissance Economique et Développement Durable en Afrique: Analyses Statistiques et Econométriques [Kindle]. Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.

 © 2026 The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute (tABCi). All rights reserved.

 

 

🏛️ tABCi Laboratories :

🧪 Abdi-Basid ADAN LABS  | Focus: Interdisciplinary Sciences & Education.

🧠 The Deep Thinking Lab | Focus: Philosophy & Human Sciences.

🌍 The EcoClimate Hub | Focus: Climate Science & Environment.

Contact : Abdi-Basid ADAN [abdi-basid@outlook.com]

 © 2017-2026 The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute (tABCi). All rights reserved.

Statistical analysis : Prediction Technique

  

we remind that it is an extract of the book economic growth and sustainable development in structure (statistical and econometric analysis) whose site: https://www.amazon.fr/Boutique-Kindle-ABDI-BASID-ADAN / s? ie = UTF8 & page = 1 & rh = n 3A672108031%%% 2Cp_27 3AABDI-Basid% 20ADAN

 

1. Presentation of study data

As part of this project of memory project, we are particularly interested in economic growth in Africa. Variables dictated by literary and empirical journals will be retrieved from the World Bank database. In this case, GDP per capita, fossil energy consumption, physical capital ... etc. Other unobservable variables will be able to be calculated. In this sense, it is the savings rate, the net capital inflow, the rates of commercial opening. Our values ​​are in current dollars. The study period or the interval by which we analyze the theme is between 1960 and 2016. In truth, more data remains unavailable for the year 2017. We will then solicit methods of clearing and correction of the missing values ​​before to be able to carry out studies whose prospects seem already purified in the general introduction.

 

 

 

 

 

2. Analysis of statistical results

The graph above illustrates the fluctuation of carbon dioxide emissions per capita in Nigeria from 1960 to 2016. Its emissions were staggering between 1970 to 1985 exceeding 0.8 tons per capita. It can be due to both human activities and natural ones. Contrary to this increase, a significant decrease is almost half of the CO2 emissions of the previous period, between 0.2 and 0.4 tons per inhabitant.

According to this graph, unlike the previous one, we smoothed the fluctuation of carbon dioxide emissions per capita in Nigeria over the period 1960 to 2016 by the Hodrick-Prescott filter. We have the trend and cyclical components of the series.

The graph above graphically illustrates the autocorrelation function (left) and partial autocorrelation (right) of the CO2 series. Indeed, the latter are defined by the ratio between the covariance functions and the variance of the observed and predicted variable. Although a simple tool for selecting the order p and q of a mobile medium autoregressive model. It also allows to detect a seasonality, if the case is monthly, we will observe then a significant delay of multiple of 12, semi-annual order of multiple of 2, quarterly of order multiplies of 4. In our case, it is clear that the first less quickly. In faith whereof, it would be a non-stationary variable. It is therefore not stationary in Level. The conventional forecasting techniques are not suitable for predicting this variable, we will consider the forecast by Box and Jenkins. To make sure perform a stationarity test of Dickey-Fuller and Phillip-Perron.

The result of the estimation of the ARIMA model (0,1,1) discloses the non-significance of MA (1). This seems to imply that the final model most suitable for estimating predicted CO2 values is an ARIMA (0,1,0).

 

 

 

 

 

Forecasts show that CO2 emissions will continue to rise for the coming years in Nigeria until 2021, which is a bit worrying if there is no commitment to readjust economic policies to promote a green economy.

ADAN, A.-B. (2018). Croissance Economique et Développement Durable en Afrique: Analyses Statistiques et Econométriques [Kindle]. Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.

 © 2026 The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute (tABCi). All rights reserved.

 

 

🏛️ tABCi Laboratories :

🧪 Abdi-Basid ADAN LABS  | Focus: Interdisciplinary Sciences & Education.

🧠 The Deep Thinking Lab | Focus: Philosophy & Human Sciences.

🌍 The EcoClimate Hub | Focus: Climate Science & Environment.

Contact : Abdi-Basid ADAN [abdi-basid@outlook.com]

 © 2017-2026 The Abdi-Basid Courses Institute (tABCi). All rights reserved.